Category

  • Internal router components

    • Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes operating system instructions, such as system initialization, routing functions, and switching functions.
    • Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores instructions and data needed to be executed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory and loses its content when the router is powered down or restarted. However, the router also contains permanent storage areas, such as ROM, flash and NVRAM.
      • Read more

    • Cisco routing types

      Directly Connected Routes

      Static Routes include the network address and subnet mask of the remote network, along with the IP address of the next-hop router or exit interface. Static routes are denoted with the code S in the routing. Static routes should be used when a network consists of only a few routers, a network is connected to the Internet only through a single ISP or a large network is configured in a hub-and-spoke topology.

      Read more

    • Internet Protocol (IP) Packet Format

      The Internet Protocol defines the IP packet format. The IP packet header has specific fields that contain information about the packet and about the sending and receiving hosts. Below is a list of the fields in the IP header and a brief description for each one:

      Read more

    • MAC Layer Frame Format

      The Layer 2 data link frame usually contains header information with a data link source and destination address, trailer information, and the actual transmitted data. The data link source address is the Layer 2 address of the interface that sent the data link frame. The data link destination address is the Layer 2 address of the interface of the destination device. Both the source and destination data link interfaces are on the same network. As a packet is forwarded from router to router, the Layer 3 source and destination IP addresses will not change; however, the Layer 2 source and destination data link addresses will change. This process will be examined more closely later in this section.

      Read more

    • Ethernet Connectors

      A different connector is used in an Ethernet-based LAN environment. An RJ-45 connector for the unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable is the most common connector used to connect LAN interfaces. At each end of an RJ-45 cable, you should be able to see eight colored strips, or pins. An Ethernet cable uses pins 1, 2, 3, and 6 for transmitting and receiving data.

      Read more

    • Subnet mask

      The subnet mask indicates whether hosts are in the same network. The subnet mask is a 32-bit value that distinguishes between the network bits and the host bits. It consists of a string of 1s followed by a string of 0s. The 1 bits represent the network portion and the 0 bits represent the host portion. The network bits are compared between the source and destination. If the resulting networks are the same, the packet can be delivered locally. If they do not match, the packet is sent to the default gateway.

      Read more

    • Routing metrics

      Metrics used in IP routing protocols include:

      • Hop count - Number of routers a packet must traverse.
      • Bandwidth - Bandwidth of a specific link.
      • Load - Traffic utilization of a specific link.
      • Delay - Time a packet takes to traverse a path.
      • Reliability -- Probability of a link failure, based on the interface error count or previous link failures.
      • Cost - Determined by either the Cisco IOS application or the network administrator to indicate preference for a route. Cost can represent a metric, a combination of metrics, or a policy.
        • Read more

      • Cisco CLI line

        enable
        configure terminal
        logging synchonous
        hostname
        no ip domain-lookup
        enable secret
        banner motd & !!Only Authorized access!! &
        line console 0
        password
        exec-timeout 0 0
        login
        exit
        line vty 0 4
        password md5 exec-timeout 0 0
        login
        exit
        int fa0/0
         Read more

      • How to enable spell check in Firefox

        Firefox has in-built spell checker, however is it only works in Text areas. To use it across in text boxes you have:

        Read more

      • Firefox search in new window

        Firefox has search field in the browser that saves plenty of time, however initially all searches opens in the same you working. To overcome this problem some changes have to be made in Firefox configuration file. To do so you have to:

        Read more

      • Installing MySQL with PHP on WINXP

        Download from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ website two files:

        • mysql-5.0.27-win32.zip
        • mysql-gui-tools-5.0-r6-win32.msi (Windows Installer)

        The first file contains only a setup file for installing MySQL server using the Wizard. It is a much less painful process than installing PHP. All you have to do is to choose the correct options when prompted for server installation and instance configuration.

        Read more

      • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

        The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is one of the two original components of the suite, complementing the Internet Protocol (IP), and therefore the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides the service of exchanging data directly between two network hosts, whereas IP handles addressing and routing message across one or more networks. In particular, TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another program on another computer. TCP is the protocol that major Internet applications rely on, applications such as the World Wide Web, e-mail, and file transfer. Other applications, which do not require reliable data stream service, may use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a datagram service that emphasizes reduced latency over reliability.

        Thanks Wikipedia

        Read more

      • Installing PHP on WIN XP IIS Server

        Before you attempt to install PHP 5.2.0 on your computer make sure that you have already have the following in place.

        • Operating System: Windows XP Profession, SP2.
        • A working web server. Here I recommend IIS 5 (Internet Information Services) or higher version which is a built-in component of Windows XP.

        To check whether you have the IIS installed go to Start –-> Control Panel –-> Administrative Tools and see if you have a shortcut for Internet Information Services. If yes, check if the web server is functioning properly by opening the Internet Explorer and type in http://localhost/iishelp/in the address bar. You should see both IIS Documentation page and XP web server confirmation page pop up on your screen. Otherwise, you will have to reinstall the Web Server.

        To install IIS go to Settings –-> Control Panel –-> Add/Remove Programs –-> Add/Remove Windows Components. Check IIS box and then look at the details to see if all services such as WWW Publishing, FTP, and SMTP etc. have been selected. Make sure at WWW Publishing must be checked. Click on Finish. IIS will now be installed and started.

        Read more

      • EIGRP introduction

        EIGRP autonomous system number

        EIGRP AS number have to be the same across the network to advertise connected interfaces accross the network. In order to so in global configuration mode:

        router eigrp 1
        network x.x.x.x

        x.x.x.x - network address

        Read more

      • How to stop continuous ping?

        To stop continues ping using Cisco equipment you have to use CTRL + ^ command

        Within Windows command line (cmd) you have to press CTRL + c command

        Read more

      • PHP all session variable

        To print all session variable's a neat small line will do the trick


        echo '
        ' . print_r($_SESSION, true) . '
        ';         Read more

      • PHP MSSQL unique number

        If you need to return a unique MSSQL id number the easiest way to it would be to use the code line below.

        Basically what it does it returns last id number from inserted line

        Read more

      • Special characters in SQL DB

        MSSQL database is a tricky one and to insert special character into SQL Database we need to use the special character (')it itself.

        Read more

      • Stop form input fields caching

        Stop form input fields caching

        autocomplete="off" Read more

      • Shorthand for if else statement

        ($count == 0 ? \'true\"\' : \'false\')

        Read more

      • How replace white spaces in PHP

        To replace white spaces in PHP

        Read more

      • html list of countries

        HTML List of countries

        Read more

      • How to limit text

        Useful feature to limit text to specific number of characters

        Read more

      • Paper sizes in inches and millimetres

        Various paper sizes in inches and millimetres

        Read more

      • Oracle 9i Personal Edition on Win XP

        Go to the folder "cd1" and click Setup. This will start the installation.

        Configuration

        Prior to the installation you will be asked a couple of questions.
        Here are some answers:

        Read more

      • The User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

        The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths.

        UDP applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. An application binds a socket to its endpoint of data transmission, which is a combination of an IP address and a service port. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65535. Port 0 is reserved, but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response.

        Thanks Wikipedia

        Read more

      • Neighbouring for EIGRP and OSPF

        Small table showing differences and similarities between EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols

        Read more

      • HTTP response codes:





Ip Address

Your ip address: 38.107.179.224

Your Country is: United States

Articles